Pang and Lambourn Hydrometric Review 2009

This Review covers the streamflow, soil water, groundwater and weather data collected from the hydrological infrastructure networks in the Pang and Lambourn catchments. The period covered here is primarily for the calendar year 2009, but because the dataset extends back nearly a decade the earlier years are included in some of the graphs and accompanying text to provide a longer term context

Epoxidation of Strained Alkenes Catalysed by (1,2-dimethyl-4(1H)pyridinone-3-olate)2MnIIICl

The mild epoxidation of strained alkenes using (DMPO)2MnCl catalyst (DMPO = 1,2-dimethyl-4(1H)-pyridinone-3-olate) in the presence of various oxidants was studied. Hydrogen peroxide and monopersulfate were found to be the best oxidants when used with imidazole in acetonitrile at 4 °C, with up to 94% conversion. Dismutation of hydrogen peroxide was also observed when used as an oxidant. The epoxidation using hydrogen peroxide or monoperoxysulfate appears to be mild and very selective for strained alkenes. A mechanism is proposed where imidazole is required for activation of the oxidant and where a detected MnV = O species is proposed as the active species. Competitive reaction between H2O2 and the substrate for the active species is proposed and homolytic vs heterolytic scissions of the Osingle bondO bond of the oxidant are discussed

Blockade of Digestion by Famotidine\ud Pretreatment Does Not Interfere With the Opioid-Enhancing\ud Effect of Ingested Amniotic Fluid

Ingestion of placenta or amniotic fluid by rats has been shown to enhance ongoing opioid-mediated antinociception, but does not, by itself, produce antinociception. This enhancement is produced by an active substance(s) in placenta and amniotic fluid that we have termed POEF for placental opioid-enhancing factor. Previous research has shown that enhancement requires mediation by the gastrointestinal system: gastric vagotomy blocks enhancement produced by ingested placenta; amniotic fluid injected SC or IP does not produce enhancement. The present study was designed to distinguish between two possible explanations for the blockade of the POEF effect produced by gastric vagotomy: that afferent information arising in vagal gastric receptors conveys the critical information to the CNS, or that disruption of vagal efferent action on digestion blocks the manufacture or activation of the POEF molecule in the gut. Famotidine is an H2-histamine receptor antagonist that reduces gastric acid and pepsin secretion to an extent at least as great as gastric vagotomy. Rats treated with either famotidine or a vehicle were fed placenta or a control substance, then stimulated with vaginal/cervical probing to produce antinociception that is partly opioid mediated. Famotidine did not block POEF enhancement of vaginal/cervical stimulation-induced analgesia in a tail flick latency test. These results suggest that enhancement by POEF does not require normal digestive processes or other processes inhibited by famotidine

Evolution of the Olympus Mons Caldera, Mars

Extensive high-resolution (15 to 20 m/pixel) coverage of Olympus Mons volcano permits the investigation of the sequence of events associated with the evolution of the nested summit caldera. The sequence of the intra-caldera events is well illustrated by image data collected on orbits 473S and 474S of Viking Orbiter 1. These data cover both the oldest and youngest portions of the caldera floor. The chronology inferred from the observations is presented which in turn can be interpreted in terms of the internal structure of the volcano (i.e., magma chamber depth and the existence of dikes)